#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
A Red Hat Certified System Administrator (RHCSA) is able to perform the following tasks :simple_smile:
Understand and use essential tools for handling files, directories, command-line environments, and documentation
Operate running systems, including booting into different run levels, identifying processes, starting and stopping virtual machines, and controlling services
Configure local storage using partitions and logical volumes
Create and configure file systems and file system attributes, such as permissions, encryption, access control lists, and network file systems
Deploy, configure, and maintain systems, including software installation, update, and core services
Manage users and groups, including use of a centralized directory for authentication
Manage security, including basic firewall and SELinux configuration
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Tech Arkit
Monitoring Disk Space utilization and Send Email Alert. Using this shell script we can monitor all mount point usage based on specified threshold value it will send an email alert to email address specified in script.
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#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
POSIX Access Control List ACL : To manage file security using POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) access control list ( ACL ).
ACLs allows to assign different permissions for different users and groups. ACL allows fine-grained permissions to be allocated to a file. Users or groups as well as users and groups identified by a UID or GUID can be granted permissions.
The same permissions we can use below flags apply on files and directories.
Alpha Symbols
r: Read
w: Write
x: Execute
Numeric symbols
4 – Read
2 – Write
1 – Execute
- Permissions restricting access to a file to the file owner, membership of a single group or everyone.
- The file owner can set ACLs on individual files or directories.
- XFS file systems have built in ACL support.
- EXT4 file systems created on RHEL7 have ACL enabled by default.
POSIX Access Control List two types:
Access ACLs: we can use access ACLs to grant permissions for a particular file or directory.
Default ACLs: We can use default ACLs only on a directory but if a file inside that directory does not have an ACL, it inherits the permissions of the default ACLs of the directory.
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Tech Arkit
Open Multiple Putty sessions without typing credentails again and again
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Tech Arkit
Kernel Upgrade using new version of kernel download it from kernel organization site.
http://elrepo.org/linux/elrepo/el7/x86_64/RPMS/
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Tech Arkit
RHCSA Complete Exam Practice Questions and Answers. 22 Questions and Answers. Red Hat Certified System Administrator
1. 1:20 Recovery Root Password RHEL7
2. 8:30 Create a Directory
3. 9:16 Assign a static IP Address to your given virtual machine
4 14:24 Create Standard Partition 2 GB in size & mount
5 17:35 Change Host Name
6 18:34 Change SELinux to Enforcing Mode
7 19:55 YUM Client configuration
8 22:17 User Creation and groups
9 25:59 user permissions
10 29:01 Create Logical Volume with given size
11 35:36 NTP Client Configuration
12 37:04 Make your machine LDAP Client
13 40:06 Auto mount NFS export
14 43:42 crontab
15 45:46 Kernel upgrade
16 47:00 Access Control List and Special user permissions
17 50:49 User Creation
18 51:03 Extend swap partition size
19 53:44 Locate files owned by user
20 55:06 Copy the lines from content
21 56:06 Reduce Logical volume size without data loss
22 58:43 Create data archive
#RHCSA #Linux #Tutorial
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Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
Getting Started with Linux Basic Commands - RHCSA Certification. In this video session your going to learn basic linux commands like touch, cp, mkdir, rm and rmdir.
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Tech Arkit
MRTG - Multi Router Traffic Grapher Installation and Configuration Step by Step Guide in Red hat Enterprise Linux 7.
https://arkit.co.in/mrtg-installation-rhel7/
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Tech Arkit
How to Monitor CPU Utilization using Shell Script and Get an Email Alert When CPU Usage is HIGH.
Making Real Time CPU Utilization Monitoring Script - Tech Arkit
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Tech Arkit
NFS - Network File System Installation and Configuration step by step guide.
#NFS #server #RHCE #linux_tutorial
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Tech Arkit
#shell_scripting #unix_scripting #scripting
Shell Scripting Tutorial-7 head, tail, sort and more commands How to check logs using these commands.
Views: 1600
Tech Arkit
#shell_scripting #unix_scripting #scripting
shell scripting tutorial-1 course overview in this video session we can see how shell script course is going to help, course fee structure and who should learn it.
Here is the Shell scripting course outline
What is Bash programming.? how it is useful.?
Bash Scripting template Every time you write the script
First bash program
Difference between single, double and reverse quotes
Variables
Positional Parameters
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Boolean Operators
Escape sequence
if statement
if statement with test command
if-else statement
if-else-if statement
Nested if statement
Case statement
For Loop
While Loop
Until Loop
Break, sleep, continue and Exit
Functions
Arrays
Eval command
Shifting parameters using shift command
Input Filed Seperator
Troubleshooting and Ebugging Shell Scripts
Wrapup and Thanks.
Views: 10218
Tech Arkit
#shell_scripting #unix_scripting #scripting
Shell Scripting Tutorial-2 Linux Basics - Linux basic commands
Features of Linux
Flavors of Linux
Linux Architecture
Deep Understanding of Linux Architecture and flavors.
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Tech Arkit
HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. Web Server is all to service you the data using HTTP protocol.
Packages required for what is web server: yum install httpd*
Configuration File: /etc/httpd/conf.d/httpd.conf
Service name: systemctl start httpd.service
#RHCE #Linux #Tutorial
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Tech Arkit
Using while loop example is to write/make any given number table printing on studout. Shell Scripting Tutorial for beginners, In while loop, first control checks the condition , if condition is true then only statements will be executed, after executing statements again control checks the condition , if condition is true then once again statements will be executed till given condition is false.
Views: 524
Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
In this Video session i have explained 26 Linux commands which are used in daily Linux administrator tasks.
1. date - To list Date and time of the Linux machine
2. touch command to create empty files
3. cat file to see the content in file
4. copy files and directories from source to destination
5. create empty directories
6. move or rename files and directories
7. delete empty directories
8. Remove/Delete files and directories
9. Change directory path from one location to another location
10. See last typed commands
11. List files and directories
12. See Disk Usage details
13. Know which path your currently working in
14. See long file content within screen
15. Know who logged into server
16. check user details and what is doing
17. clear the screen
18. list out all the process
19. change file and directory permissions
20. change ownership of files and directories
21. change group ownership
22. Create Zip files
23. Copy files to remote server
24. Check file size and directory size
25. search for files and directories
26. Look for file path
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Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
Extending Logical Volume size without interrupting your existing applications on that LVM.
lvextend is the command to extended the RAW disk space but extending the file system in RAW disk use resize2fs.
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Views: 469
Tech Arkit
In this video explained What is shell scripting and It's Advantages.
Views: 1036
Tech Arkit
RHEL7 RHCSA Soft Link vs Hard Link. Linking means reflecting to the original file, In case of copy command updating is not possible after copying the file from the source to destination. In link updating is possible for both the files.
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#RHCSA #LINUX_TUTORIAL #SOFTLINK #HARDLINK
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Tech Arkit
RHEL7 Boot Process will like this see this video and understand complete picture.
Poweron
-- SMPS - Switched-mode Power Supply
-- POST - Power On Self test
-- BIOS - Basic Input Output System
-- MBR - Master Boot Record
-- 446 Bytes - Bootloader information
-- 64 Bytes - Partition Information
-- 2 Bytes - Magic bytes to identify errors
-- GRUB - Grand Unified Boot Loader
-- /boot/grub2/grub.conf
-- 1 The 446 Byte file for stage 1 is named boot.img and does not contain the partition table which is added to the boot record separately.
-- 1.5 The first partition on the hard drive begins at sector 63 and with the MBR in sector 0, that leaves 62 512-byte sectors—31,744 bytes—in which to store the core.img file which is stage 1.5 of GRUB.
-- 2 The function of GRUB2 stage 2 is to locate and load a Linux kernel into RAM and turn control of the computer over to the kernel
-- initramfs
-- /sysroot - Read Only - compressed format will be extracted
-- systemd - fork(); call
-- Target will be loaded
-- Services will be started
-- User Interface
#RHCSA #1_ON_TRENDING #LINUX_TUTORIAL #RHEL7 #Boot_Process
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Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
Yellowdog Updater, Modified - YUM Repository Configuration in RHEL 7 Step by Step Guide. In this video Session i have explained how to configure YUM repository using Installation DVD media content.
Loaded plugins: product-id, subscription-manager
This system is registered to Red Hat Subscription Management, but is not
receiving updates. You can use subscription-manager to assign subscriptions.
There are no enabled repos.
Run "yum repolist all" to see the repos you have.
You can enable repos with yum-config-manager --enable repo
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Views: 1942
Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
In this video session explained how to configure sudoers to make normal user as superuser without providing them an root user password.
After this sudoers configuration user can run commands as root privileges without login to root user.
Sudo User Configuration Deep Dive - sudoers - visudo - Tech Arkit
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Views: 750
Tech Arkit
#shell_scripting #unix_scripting #scripting
This is the best way to create your shell script template always standard and Uniq way of your style. Making Shell script template using shell script as a command.
Views: 1053
Tech Arkit
Special variables shell scripting tutorial for beginners
$* it stores the complete set of positional parameters as a single string
$# It is set to the number of arguments specified
$1 first argument
$2 second argument
$0 name of executed command
"[email protected]" each quoted string treated as a seperate argument
$? exit status of last command
$$ PID of the current shell
$! PID of the last background job
Views: 1339
Tech Arkit
Logger makes entries in the system log. It provides a shell command interface to the syslog(3) system log module. Log the process id of the logger process with each line. logger command - Log Script Execution status into log file or syslog.
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Tech Arkit
In this video session explained about difference between scripting and programming. Scripting is not an programming language.
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Tech Arkit
Red Hat Certified System Administrator - RHCSA
PDF Book RHCSA: https://github.com/techtutorials/Linux-For-Beginners
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https://arkit.co.in/rhel7-rhcsa-exam-objectives-for-beginners/
https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/pdf/system_administrators_guide/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-7-System_Administrators_Guide-en-US.pdf
Views: 1074
Tech Arkit
DNS server is a computer server that contains a database of public IP addresses and their associated hostnames, and in most cases, serves to resolve, or translate, those common names to IP addresses as requested. DNS servers run special software and communicate with each other using special protocols.
https://arkit.co.in/master-dns-configuration-linux/
#RHCE #Linux #Tutorial
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Tech Arkit
Squid Proxy Server is a caching and forwarding HTTP web proxy. It has a wide variety of uses, including speeding up a web server by caching repeated requests, caching web, DNS and other computer network lookup for a group of people sharing network resources, and aiding security by filtering traffic. Although primarily used for HTTP and FTP, Squid includes limited support for several other protocols including Internet Gopher, SSL, TLS and HTTPS. Squid does not support the SOCKS protocol.
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Tech Arkit
set command is an inbuilt bash feature which is used to set positional parameters or assign any command output as positional parameters. Basically set is useful when you want to call particular portion in output.
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Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
syslog server is used to store logs and analyze them. Based on criticality act on the events so that you can reduce the problems in server.
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Views: 802
Tech Arkit
#shell_scripting #unix_scripting #scripting
Shell Scripting Tutorial-4 Basic Commands
touch command
cat command
ls command
cd command
date command
cal command and pwd command
Views: 3118
Tech Arkit
getopts optstring name [args]. getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. optstring contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, getopts places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?.
getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead.
Views: 1315
Tech Arkit
Putty Trick Login to Linux server all the time using single mouse click.
Putty Trick Login to Linux server all the times using single mouse click without SSH keys. This trick will help you in regular linux administration job because most of the of the times we login to servers by typing credentials multiple times make this configuration in place so that no need to type credentails in putty everytime just single click login.
Views: 605
Tech Arkit
grep command with 13 regular expressions.
1. Check Grep version #RHCSA #1_ON_TRENDING #Linux #grep
grep -V
2. Search single word in single file / multi files
grep string *
3. Search Multiple words in single file / multiple files
grep -E 'word1|word2'
4. Seach text which is not maching to string
grep -v "String" fileName
5. Print the matching string and its before lines
grep ens33 -A 4
6. Print the matching string and its after lines and its around lines
grep enss33 -B 4
grep ens33 -C 4
7. Search a string Recursively
grep -r string fileName
8. Grep the string with highlighted in color
grep --color=auto string file Name
export GREP_COLOR='1;30;43'
9. display the lines which does not matches all the given strings
grep -v -e "a" -e "b" -e "c" filename.txt
10. Get the count of given string from file
grep -c string filename
11. Search for files which are matching to the given string
grep -l this demo*
12. Beginning of line ^ using cap symble
grep "^Nov 10" messages.1
13. End of the line $ using dollar symble
grep "terminating.$" messages
? The preceding item is optional and matched at most once.
* The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.
+ The preceding item will be matched one or more times.
n The preceding item is matched exactly n times.
n, The preceding item is matched n or more times.
,m The preceding item is matched at most m times.
n,m The preceding item is matched at least n times, but not more than m times.
From the above output you can come to know when all the messages has got interrupt. Just like ^ matches the beginning of the line only if it is the first character, $ matches the end of the line only if it is the last character in a regular expression.
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Tech Arkit
Use network teaming or bonding to configure aggregated network links between two Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems. Red Hat Certified Engineer Course. EX300 examination preparation guide.
https://arkit.co.in/rhel7-how-to-configure-nic-teaming/
nmcli connection show
nmcli connection add type team con-name team0 ifname team0 config '{"runner":{"name": "activebackup"}}'
nmcli connection modify team0 ipv4.addresses 192.168.2.47/24 ipv4.gateway 192.168.2.2 ipv4.dns 192.168.2.2 connection.autoconnect yes ipv4.method manual
nmcli connection add type team-slave con-name team0-port0 ifname ens37 master team0
nmcli connection add type team-slave con-name team0-port1 ifname ens38 master team0
nmcli connection show
ip addr
#RHCE #Linux #Tutorial #Teaming
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Views: 631
Tech Arkit
#SELinux #RHCSA #1_ON_TRENDING #Linux
SELinux stands for Security Enhanced Linux which provide extra layer of security to the Linux servers based in applied security context matching mechanism.
SELinux context can be enabled in three levels
1. Port Level
2. Service Level
3. File Level
SELinux has three modes to work.
1. Enforcing: which means SeLinux is running with full enforcing mode, simple enabled mode.
2. Permissive: Permissive also says that SeLinux is running but it will not enforce, it will only logs the information.
3. Disabled: disable mode is simply disabled. SeLinux not in use.
Immediately we get an question in mind that why there are three modes, Enable and disable modes are enough right.
Yes, i also got the same question when i was learning SeLinux. There is a reason behind that.
When we want to change the SeLinux mode from Enforcing to disabled we have to edit the configuration file /etc/selinux/config and change the SELINUX=disabled, config file will not be effected until unless server is rebooted.
Same for the changing the disabled mode to Enforcing mode.
but if you want to change Selinux mode from Enforcing to permissive doesn't required an reboot.
Now we understand that why SeLinux is designed to have 3 modes.
Whenever you change the SeLinux mode from disable to enforcing after the reboot it will relabel all the SeLinux policies.
whenever you changed the SeLinux mode from Enforcing to Disabled after the reboot all the SeLinux policies will not go off, policies still exists but will not enforce.
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Tech Arkit
PATH Environment Variable | Life saver for Linux Administrators. How $PATH will help to execute Linux commands on Linux machine. If PATH variable is not configured properly then you have to each and every command using there exact path like /bin/commandname other wise command will not execute. Because of PATH variable commands will work if you execute without full path also. PATH variable will search whatever the command you executed in the terminal in all the specified paths. It's very important for Shell scripting.
Views: 1009
Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
In this video i have explained How to modify Linux user properties Like change user login shell after user creation likewise change user home path, Lock user , Unlock User, Set User expiry date and so an.
Setting User password age policy Like
Last password change : May 01, 2018
Password expires : never
Password inactive : never
Account expires : never
Minimum number of days between password change : 0
Maximum number of days between password change : 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires : 7
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Views: 728
Tech Arkit
IFS - Internal Field Separator in Shell Scripts. Using any separator value we can separator the content in shell scripts internally.
Bash Programming Play List: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GNUzvjS_mE&list=PL8cE5Nxf6M6b8qW7CSMsdKbEsPdG9pWfu
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Tech Arkit
#shell_scripting #unix_scripting #scripting
Shell Scripting Tutorial-3 Linux Directory Structure.
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Views: 3390
Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
A process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It contains the program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS), a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently.
:: Process States ::
1. Running :- The Process is either running (it is the current process in the system) or it is ready to run (it is waiting to be assigned to one of the system's CPUs).
2. Waiting :- The process is waiting for an event or for a resource. Linux differentiates between two types of waiting process; interruptible and uninterruptible. Interruptible waiting processes can be interrupted by signals whereas uninterruptible waiting processes are waiting directly on hardware conditions and cannot be interrupted under any circumstances.
3. Stopped :- The Processes has been stopped, usually by receiveing a STOP signal.
4. Orphaned :- If a process exits with children still running (and doesn't kill its children;), those children are orphans. Orphaned children are immediately "adopted" by init (actually, I think most people call this "reparenting," but "adoption" ). An orphan is just a process.
5. Zombie :- This is a halted process which, for some reason, still has a task_struct data structure in the task vector. It is what it sounds like, a dead process. Zombies only occupy space in the process table. They take no memory or CPU. However, the process table is a finite resource, and excessive zombies can fill it, meaning that no other processes can launch. Beyond that, they are bothersome clutter, and should be strongly avoided.
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Views: 496
Tech Arkit
Debug Shell Scripts Or Troubleshooting Shell Script Errors using dos2unix command or shellcheck website. When Shell scripting not executing properly, you can use this tricks to correct them back.
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Tech Arkit
Swap memory in Linux ( swap file system) in Linux is used when the amount of RAM (Physical Memory) is Full. If system needs more memory resources and the RAM (Physical Memory) full, inactive pages in memory are moved to Swap Space.
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Views: 390
Tech Arkit
hi friends welcome to Tech Arkit YouTube channel my name is Ravi. In this video session we are going to see that how to interrupt boot process and get the access to the any Linux machine, whenever you have a physical access to the server.
Let's see this so how you can do that. so first of all here I have the Linux machine switched-on. So i have a physical access to this machine when I click over here so I say that enter and I type the password over here but unfortunately the password is wrong. So I would like to reset this password or I would like to gain the access to the machine. I do not have the password in hand let's do that how you can get it.
#RHEL7 #LINUX_TUTORIAL #REDHAT #LINUX
so first of all I am going to reboot this machine, click restart, while machine has been restarting so I have to press space-bar to stop over here.
The kernel process stopped over here. here in the kennel step it self what you can do is that so I can simply click are you sick and simply Say e for edit which means that I'm going to edit this kernel lines to interrupt the boot process.
I just edited using the e and go down over here and wherever you see that Linux16 the line ok simply go to the end of that line and add rd.break console equal to tty1 so whenever you add this one what happens so whenever you add this one it says that you are entering your breaking this process and entering into the single user mode.
by entering into the single user mode you get the access to the that machine so which means that you are in the single user mode It does not ask you any username and password just enter into the root directly ok.
so now just press control x now the machine boot process would be interrupted and enter into the single user mode ok now which got into the single user mode directly can see that hash value over here to you which means that which is into root.
type Mount command and see that all this files has been mounted as read only actually. so not mounts really into the rewrite options for here OK.
are else you can also see the mount /sysroot over here already mounted and it is busy looks like ok so maybe you can grep /sysroot ok the root file system has been mounted but which shows here it is that /sysroot is in read only so whenever you have read only file system you cannot edit anything.
it should be read write then only I can write anything on this file system. in-order to gain in-order to convert this into read/write just do this month -o remount,rw /sysroot and read/write this partition re-mount this mount point. With read write access /sysroot
now you can see that using the above command now it is rewrite. just convert this /sysroot into actual root using the convert chroot innocent change chroot /sysroot now it becomes an root now type command called passwd which will ask you for the new password to enter the can now change the password over here so the password authentication has been changed.
now you can reboot the machine but what happened here is that the by default RHEL7 enables the SELinux so without relabeling all your selinux policy are the contexts then you can not get the access really to the machine so in order to gain the success and reliable all selinux related stuff then what have to do is that you have to create empty file in the / (slash) so that it relabels automatically so in order to do that create touch / DAT auto relabel so be careful because if you misspell or if you do not properly create this file you cannot get the access are you cannot gain access to the machine.
so in order to do that you have to be very careful whenever you are creating this file so confirm that the file has been created and exit from the process whenever you do exit 2 times it reboots the machine it relabels everything from the the contexts of the selinux then it starts the machine then you can enter into the username and password so that you will get the access.
so now your PC has been turned on we can go to the user and type the password so actually reset the password called root user over here and enter the password. that's it you got into the machine see this your machine now you are into root user
that's it so you simply gain this access by interrupting your kernel process whenever you have the physical access to that machine
thanks for watching stay tune please subscribe the channel for more upcoming videos and courses
Views: 413
Tech Arkit
Shell Scripting we use symbols special characters like Tild, At, Minus sign, Plus Sign, Equal to, Question Mark, Star and so an.
Views: 1027
Tech Arkit
#rhcsa #linux_tutorial #trending
Crontab and at Commands - Automating Regular Tasks
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at 8:20pm
at now +1min
at 10:00 AM Sun
at 10:00 AM July 25
at 10:00 AM 6/22/2018
at 10:00 AM 6.22.2018
at 10:00 AM next month
at 10:00 AM tomorrow
at now + 1 hour
at teatime tomorrow
at noon +4 days
at 5pm august 3 2016
at midnight
echo "sh backup.sh" | at 9:00 AM
at -f /path_to_script time
atq --To list all at scheduled jobs
atrm --To delete scheduled 'at' job followed by job ID
check the content of schedule jobs
at -c Job ID
Example of job definition:
.---------------- minute 0 - 59
| .------------- hour 0 - 23
| | .---------- day of month 1 - 31
| | | .------- month 1 - 12 OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
| | | | .---- day of week 0 - 6 Sunday=0 or 7
| | | | |
* * * * * user-name command to be executed
Views: 519
Tech Arkit
#shell_scripting #unix_scripting #scripting
All quotation marks can be used based on the requirement. When double quotes are used and when single quotes are used and reverse quotes usage explained in detailed in this video session. Shell scripting video tutorial for beginners.
Views: 930
Tech Arkit
Shell Scripting Tutorial-6 diff and grep command with regular expressions
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Tech Arkit
shift [n] The positional parameters from n+1 ... are renamed to $1 .... Param- eters represented by the numbers $# down to $#-n+1 are unset. n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $#. If n is 0, no parameters are changed. If n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If n is greater than $#, the positional parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if n is greater than $# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
Shift is an command it transfers the contents of a positional parameters to its immediate lower numbered one
this is done as many times as the statement is called
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